These mutants exhibit abnormal cell patterning within the cerebellum ( Lalonde and Strazielle, 2007 Brooks and Dunnett, 2009 Kim et al., 2009 Sheets et al., 2013 Cendelin, 2014). Moreover, several spontaneous mutants have been identified based on visible gait ataxia ( Mullen et al., 1976 Walter et al., 2006 Lalonde and Strazielle, 2007 Cendelin, 2014). In addition to their amenability to genetic circuit dissection, their small size makes it possible to analyze even unrestrained, relatively complex whole-body actions within a laboratory setting. Mice present several advantages for understanding the role of the cerebellum in locomotor coordination. Exactly how the cerebellum contributes to motor coordination, however, remains controversial.
The cerebellum is critical for coordinated locomotion cerebellar damage leads to characteristic gait ataxia across species. For example, during walking, leg, arm, trunk, and head movements need to be coordinated to achieve a stable, smooth, and efficient gait. Our ability to engage in even the simplest motor tasks requires us to coordinate our movements in space and time across the body. Other scientists will now likely use the LocoMouse system to study mouse movements and how the brain controls them. Machado, Darmohray et al.'s analysis revealed that these movements likely resulted from a failure of the cerebellum of the mutant mice to predict and compensate for the motion of the rest of the body. The mutant mice also swung their head and tail in an exaggerated way. The movements of the mutant mice's front and hind paws, for example, did not follow the same coordinated pattern as the typical mice. Instead, however, the mutants were found to have specific difficulties coordinating movement across the body. found that forward steps of the mutant mice are comparable to the steps of the typical mice, if you account for the fact that the mutant mice are smaller and slower. In the experiments, the system was used to compare typical mice with mice that have a mutation affecting the cerebellum that causes them to walk abnormally.
The system, called ‘LocoMouse’, uses high-speed cameras and computers to document and analyze the paw, nose, and tail movements of mice walking through a glass hallway. have demonstrated that an automated movement-tracking system can capture specific aspects of coordination in freely walking mice. But studies attempting to measure specific changes in walking movements under natural conditions have yielded conflicting results. Neuroscientists studying these mutant mice often use balance beams or other challenging tasks to compare their coordination with typical mice. These mutations often cause changes in the cerebellum. Several mutations that naturally occur in mice can cause them to walk abnormally. Studies of mice have helped shed some light on the coordination of movement. But it is not known exactly how the cerebellum coordinates body movements. A part of the brain called the cerebellum helps to coordinate the movements of different body parts allowing both simple and complex tasks to be carried out smoothly. The arms, legs, body, and head all need to work together. Though it seems simple, walking is a complex activity. These results isolate specific impairments in whole-body coordination in mice and provide a quantitative framework for understanding cerebellar contributions to coordinated locomotion. Moreover, the coordination deficits in pcd are consistent with a failure to predict and compensate for the consequences of movement across the body. Analysis of visibly ataxic Purkinje cell degeneration ( pcd) mice reveals that while differences in the forward motion of individual paws are fully accounted for by changes in walking speed and body size, more complex 3D trajectories and, especially, inter-limb and whole-body coordination are specifically impaired. Here we describe a novel system (LocoMouse) for analyzing limb, head, and tail kinematics of freely walking mice. Mutant mice with cerebellar circuit defects exhibit characteristic impairments in locomotor coordination however, the fundamental features of this gait ataxia have not been effectively isolated. The coordination of movement across the body is a fundamental, yet poorly understood aspect of motor control.
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